文献翻译带练25 Depressive disorder
Depressive disorder is one of the major emerging psychiatric mood disorders, worldwide. It was reported that around 17% of people experience depression at least once in their lifetime.The symptoms and comorbidity of depression include social withdrawal, disturbed sleep, depressed mood (sadness), apathy, anxiety, changes in food consumption, psychomotor retardation, and memory deficits. Major depressive disorder is mainly characterized by consistently depressive mood, loss of pleasure, appetite pattern change, insomnia, behavior motor retardation, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness for a minimum of 2‐week period.
参考答案：抑郁症是世界范围内新出现的主要精神情绪障碍之一。据报道，大约17%的人一生中至少经历过一次抑郁。抑郁症的症状和共病包括社交退缩、睡眠紊乱、抑郁情绪(悲伤)、冷漠、焦虑、饮食变化、精神运动迟缓和记忆缺陷。重性抑郁症的主要特征是持续抑郁情绪、失去快乐、食欲模式改变、失眠、行为运动迟缓、疲劳和至少持续2周感觉自己毫无价值。
Experimental models for the study of depression. (A) Chronic mild stress. In this model, the mice are exposed to a series of low‐intensity stressors at unpredictable times for 9 weeks. (B) Chronic social stress. In this model, depression is induced over 10 days by directly exposing the experimental mouse to a larger and aggressive mouse for 5 minutes a day and then housing across a transparent barrier to sustain sensory contact. (C) Physical pain. A spared nerve injury is surgically inflicted, resulting in depressive behaviors due to persistent neuropathic pain. (D) Learned helplessness. The mouse is exposed to unpredictable and inescapable electric footshocks for two consecutive days, after which the mouse shows a defect in its escape behavior and depressive symptoms.
参考答案：抑郁症研究的实验模型包括：(A)慢性轻度压力。在这个模型中，小鼠在不可预测的时间暴露在一系列低强度的压力下，长达9周。(B)慢性社交压力。在这个模型中，通过将实验小鼠直接暴露在一只更大、更具攻击性的老鼠面前，每天5分钟，然后通过透明屏障，保持感官接触，10天以上就会诱发抑郁。(C)身体疼痛。手术造成一个非致死性的(注：这里spared直译为幸免遇难的，可意译为非致死性的)神经损伤，由于持续性神经性疼痛，导致抑郁行为(D)习得性无助。老鼠被暴露在不可预知和无法逃脱的电击下连续两天，之后老鼠会表现出逃跑行为的缺陷和抑郁症状。
文献翻译带练26 Nonsteroid anti-inflammtory drugs(NSAIDs)
At present, NSAIDs are among the most popular over-the-counter drugs across the world, constituting 5% of all the prescribed medicines. Traditionally NSAIDs were classified on the basis of their chemical characteristics wherein most of the popular NSAIDs are categorized as major derivatives of salicylic acid, acetic acid, enolic acid, anthranilic acid or propionic acid. However, with the advancement of scientific knowledge the classification has also been shifted based on their selectivity for inhibiting cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PGHS) enzymes which are the major targets of these drugs.
参考答案：目前，非甾体抗炎药是世界上最受欢迎的非处方药之一，占所有处方药的5%。传统的非甾体抗炎药是根据其化学性质进行分类的，其中大多数流行的非甾体抗炎药被归类为水杨酸、乙酸、烯酸、邻氨基苯甲酸或丙酸的主要衍生物。然而，随着科学知识的发展，根据这些药物抑制其主要靶点~环氧合酶/前列腺素内过氧化物合酶（PGHS）酶的选择性，药物的分类也发生了变化。
Nonsteroid anti-inflammtory drugs(NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen,and rofecoxib have,in one form or another, been used for many thousands of years for the reliefofinflammation and pain.However,NSAIDs can also produce a number of well-characterized side-effects.In particular, their use is linked to an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse events, the most serious being obstructions, perforations, ulcers,and bleeds. NSAIDs owe their therapeutic benefits,as well as their side effects,to inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase(COX).COX exists in two isoforms:COX-1and COX-2.In general terms,Cox-1 is the constitutive isoform present in many tissues associated with the production of prostanoids for physiological functions. whereasCOX-2 is the inducible isoform that appears at sites of inflammation and is associated with the production of prostanoids involved in inflammatory responses.
参考答案：非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)，如阿司匹林、布洛芬、萘普生和罗非昔布，已经以这样或那样的形式被用于缓解炎症和疼痛数千年了。然而，非甾体抗炎药也会产生一些明显的副作用。特别是，它们的使用与胃肠道不良事件的风险增加有关，最严重的是梗阻、穿孔、溃疡和出血。非甾体抗炎药的治疗效果和副作用都是由于其抑制环氧化酶。环氧化酶有两种亚型:环氧化酶1和环氧化酶2。一般来说，Cox-1是存在于许多组织中的组成性异构体，与产生具有生理功能的前列腺素有关。其中SCOX-2是一种可诱导的亚型，出现在炎症部位，并与参与炎症反应的前列腺素的产生有关。