面膜应用研究文献综述

这是兔子与莫默文学观的融合。这是一个文本的过程手稿,包括我们在写作过程中使用的所有60多个文件。这是给那些看了视频就可以学习的小朋友们的。如果您在阅读本文后有任何问题,欢迎来到视频评论区与我们讨论,或者您可以在本文末尾看到原始文献。

1.什么是过度水合作用?

  • 汉语和英语中都没有相应的专业名词。它描述了一种皮肤状态。平时,皮肤本身会在细胞周围保留水分子,或通过一些能与水结合的物质(最常见的物质是细胞间脂质中的天然保湿因子NMF)交换组织和细胞,从而提高角质形成细胞的含水量。

  • 但是,在长期连续频繁的高渗透压(比如敷面膜)或大量水溶液浸润(比如游泳选手)的情况下,细胞间脂质里的NMF疯狂吸水,让细胞间脂质结构更易被改变,同时,表皮的细胞也会被迫使吸收水分,细胞形态过度膨胀,两者形态的连续性发生改变,会导致原本规则层状排列的结构变松散,皮肤屏障保护抵御功能下降,导致TEWL数据升高,经皮水分流失增加,皮肤处于不稳定的状态,更容易受到过敏源刺激,出现水合性皮炎/水合性荨麻疹或接触性皮炎的病症。长期处于这个状态的被归类为“过度水合”。

  • 要是没有天天敷面膜连续敷几个月,不用过分担心“过度水合”,角质层自我更新换代周期是一个月,皮肤自己能调整的过来。

 

2. 水合性皮炎/水合性荨麻疹?

  • 角质层中除了角质细胞和细胞间脂质,还存有皮肤促炎细胞因子简称炎症因子,尤其是炎症因子IL-α。所以,保证角质层结构的连续性和完整性对控制皮肤表达的炎症反应程度很重要。

  • 角质层中的天然保湿因子NMF在水中浸泡一小时可以吸收自身重量5倍的水分子量,溶胀大小为最初的4-5倍。而正常健康的角质层细胞间脂质是规则层状排列并具有分隔的独立间隙结构,过量吸水后会溶胀扩张至相互连通,此时的状态对无论是水溶性还是脂溶性物质的渗透吸收都打开到最大程度。这个状态也解释了为什么治疗皮肤病的封包医用敷料能显著加强外用激素和维a成分的效用。同时,即使是30分钟的纯水封包,水分的积累也会造成表皮毛细血管内皮细胞水肿、管壁扩张、细胞增生等问题,说明长时间的纯水封包也会变成对皮肤屏障是刺激源之一。

  •  虽然,水分子本身没有细胞毒性,但它能够通过长期频繁的在潜移默化中改变角质层结构,让类似于IL-α的炎症因子被释放,从而诱发炎症,引起水合性损伤等病理性症状(又称为水合性皮炎/水合性荨麻疹)。

  • 水合性损伤的基本机制在进行吸水斑贴实验后被发现该机制涉及到封包、封闭性的水、渗透压、ph值这几个主要因素,温度、水的硬度、外伤、压力等是次要因素。

  • 对男性水合性皮炎的临床研究显示,连续使用封闭水溶液,一周内未有皮肤损伤,两周后部分受试者有中度损伤,三周后均出现了皮炎损伤。也有在对受试者们局部贴敷可乐定一周内,出现水合性皮炎的情况。

 

  • 水合性皮炎/荨麻疹或接触性皮炎的初期症状表现为皮肤更加容易脱皮发痒。中后期会出现皮脂腺分泌异常,皮脂腺导管封闭并爆出丘疹的情况(更多出现在本身就有痤疮倾向的人身上),当出现这些问题的时候,就一定要去看医生了。

3. 敷完面膜为什么感觉自己亮白水嫩了一个度?

  • 角质层更新换代的周期差不多是一个月左右,最最外层皮脂膜下方有一些已经彻底老化角化死亡的死皮细胞角质细胞角化蛋白,敷面膜的十几分钟内,它们被面膜不断的浸润软化,甚至剥落。因为面膜膜布构成了一个封闭性高渗透压的促渗环境,细胞间脂质和角质细胞被强行要求“压水+吸水”,细胞间隙和细胞本身都会在敷面膜的那段时间内被强制性的改变形态连续性,层状结构会变得暂时性松散,导致面膜里的成分更容易被强制性的给“压的吸收进去”。角质层敷面膜这个暂时的“吸水”状态,会让角质细胞暂时的处于高含水量状态(40-80%),会让皮肤暂时感觉得很水嫩很光滑。

  • 不过,由于皮脂膜本身功能有限,这个高含水量状态是暂时的,敷了面膜的角质层吸水吸得快,失水也很快,短时间内就会跌落到最初的含水量,后续要是没有护肤步骤的话,最后会发现敷完面膜什么都不涂几小时就被打回原状(正常含水量10-20%

4. 面膜里的刺激性成分?接触性皮炎?湿敷化妆水?

  • 面膜是水剂配方,主要含量都是水,通过增稠剂提高膜布上液体的粘稠度降低流动性。而且因为是水剂配方,防腐体系要做好才行,但成本又会限制防腐剂种类的选择。常见的刺激性小的防腐剂有:辛甘醇、戊二醇、己二醇等多元醇,对羟基苯乙酮、辛酰羟肟酸。

  • 如上面问题2中提到的,使用了封包特性的面膜,确实能够暂时在使用的时候增加角质层的含水量,也确实能加强透皮吸收,对面膜中的成分有促渗作用。在角质层过度水合的状态下,水分子可以对皮肤屏障造成水合性损伤。

  • 同时,面膜中的成分,比如说微生物、防腐剂、香精、增稠剂的渗透,也会增加致敏性,导致由于浓度过高或刺激性过大或皮肤耐受度过低而引起接触性皮炎的问题,所以此类成分在面膜中要特别注意。常见的接触性皮炎症状有刺痛、发痒、泛红,一般等待一段时间会症状会有所缓解。严重的接触性皮炎症状有变态反应的丘疹、红斑、水泡等情况,需要就医治疗。

  • 面膜本身是封闭高渗透压产品,正常情况下,合格面膜产品投产前需要进行毒理性/兼容性/刺激性/安全性等实验。用湿敷化妆水代替面膜理论上可行,但实际操作上的刺激性/安全性等实验我们用户却没办法自己实施,所以,化妆水湿敷带来的刺激源我们无法全面预测。这也是除了水合和刺激性成分的原因之外,我们不建议频繁湿敷的原因。

5. 医用敷料和普通面膜有什么区别?为什么可以每天用?

  • 医用敷料是医生用于辅助临床治疗疗效的,而且是给术后患者短时间连续性治疗辅助修复的,医用敷料可以促进急性和慢性伤口的愈合,能保持组织湿润并促进创伤处上皮组织生长(湿性伤口愈合理论)。并且,在临床上会用到封包膜布更严密的医用敷料来促进外用药的渗透吸收。

  • 但是,医用敷料用于治疗的周期和效果完全取决于不同病症具体护理需求,比如,用皮炎抑制制剂的重度痤疮医用敷料临床周期在14-28天,湿疹患者的医用敷料贴则是长达几个月的治疗周期。

  • 而且,由于医用敷料涉及到长期对表皮形态、汗腺等组织结构的影响,医用敷料的封包效果和原理更为复杂,对某些病症使用医用敷料,不仅不会有正向疗效,反而会出现类似于嗜脂性细菌增加导致修复中止或引发增生等反效果。

  • 使用医用敷料请遵医嘱,医用敷料做治疗辅助通常都会下猛药,是允许药物有副作用的,比如治疗皮肤病中的重度痤疮,医用敷料的异维A酸护理通常会伴随着一些刺痛灼热等副作用,不过,这些副作用在临床患者需求的高疗效眼前都是可以忍耐的。

  • 医用敷料在外出售的械字号面膜因为没有防腐剂香精增稠剂并且要求无菌生产,所以,成分会比普通面膜更温和一些。如果你有修复需求(日常没这需求的皮肤真的没必要用械字号面膜),可以选择偶尔使用医用敷料的械字号面膜,记得顺便查查商家有没有和大型医院进行该面膜的临床测试数据。但是要明白,这类面膜没有抗老美白等效果的。

  • 医用敷料的应用都要慎重考虑这么多因素,而且湿性伤口愈合理论表明在遵医嘱使用并且修复好之后,就不要再天天使用了。所以,如果不是医生告诉你要天天用面膜,真的别再天天敷任何面膜了,这也是我们一直建议大家不要随便天天用面膜的原因之一。与其用面膜来暂时性的“补水”,治标不治本的几小时后就没用了,不如好好用封闭性面霜精华来保湿维护皮肤屏障。

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