学术研究要求我们仔细检查信息并评估其可信度。因此，当我们思考各种现象时，我们将检验实证数据并详细解释，以证明我们的解释是正确的。构建我们的研究叙事的一个重要部分是提供支持性证据和例子。
我们提供的证据类型可以支持我们的主张，并使读者对我们的分析感到困惑或怀疑。重要的是，我们要使用适当的、合乎逻辑的短语来清楚地引导读者从一个角度到下一个角度。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论应该使用证据和例子的情况，并对可以用来支持论点的有效语言进行分类。
何时介绍证据和例子
证据和例子为你的主张奠定了坚实的基础。没有证据，你的论点就缺乏可信性和说服力。因此，当你介绍例子的时候，确保在需要的时候明智地提供证据，并使用短语来恰当而清晰地解释证据是如何支持你的论点的。
你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来，当你：
提出“非常识性”的信息;
根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议;
需要澄清之前的陈述，用一个例子会更有效;
需要确定一个类别的代表性例子;
区分不同的概念;
通过强调一个具体的情况来强调某一点。
Introductory phrases to use and their contexts
为了帮助你有效地支持你的陈述，下面Proessay（ww w.proessay.c n）将根据它们的功能组织了下面六类介绍性短语。这个列表并不全面，但它将为你提供你可以使用的短语类型的想法。
1.Purpose：stating information that is not “common knowledge”
Introductory Phrase：
· [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]
· As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered
· According to [Author]
Example：
· As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .
· According to Marks and Peters . . .
2.Purpose：drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting
implications based on specific data
Introductory Phrase：
· suggests
· as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by
· based on
· can be seen/ observed when
· as seen in
· which is made apparent when
· is demonstrated by/ through/ when
· hinges on
Example：
· The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .
· As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands,
patients with . . .
· Based on self-reported survey results . . .
· This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .
· As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .
· The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers .
. .
· The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by
survey results highlighted in . . .
· This conclusion hinges on . . .
3.Purpose：clarifying a prior statement
Introductory Phrase：
· for example
· for instance
· by way of illustration
· as an example
· to clarify
· to explain further
· namely
· to be specific
· that is,
· in other words
Example：
· This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .
· It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For
instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .
· By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared
for . . .
· As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate
that over 80% of the population supports . . .
· To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .
· To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .
· Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work
remotely.
· To be specific, bull markets can . . .
· That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .
· In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .
4.Purpose：identifying representative examples of a category
Introductory Phrase：
· for example/ instance
· such as*
· e.g.
· one/ another example
· like*
· excluding
· including
· an example being
*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a
specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items
are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.
Example：
· Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.
· The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus
flytraps.
· The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish
and lantern fish).
· One/ another example of this exception is . . .
· I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to
enjoy nature while exercising.
· All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.
· All stars, including our sun, . . .
· Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .
5.Purpose：distinguishing concepts
Introductory Phrase：
· in a similar case
· unlike the case of
· in the same way
· as a case in point
· in a typical situation
· in a normal scenario
Example：
· In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .
· Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of
observer bias.
· Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful
editing.
· As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .
· In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .
· In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .
6.Purpose：emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation
Introductory Phrase：
· for example
· indeed
· in fact
· notably
· markedly
· as a case in point
Example：
· Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .
· Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola
outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .
· Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .
· High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . .
.
· Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .
· As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros .
..