Part 01 概述
材料科学与工程专业的专业英语文献，其行文结构为科技论文，而科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即句子中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。
科技文章的特点是：清晰、准确、精炼、严密。在语法上有下列特点：
（1）大量使用名词化结构；
（2）广泛使用被动语态；
（3）大量使用后置定语；
（4）存在一些特定句型；
（5）往往出现许多长句；
（6）大量使用复合词和缩略词。
Part 02 金属材料领域英语文献
在这一部分中，按材料种类大致分类，挑选了Science、Nature等顶刊文献中的摘要，供考生结合专业英语文献特点进行翻译专项练习。
示例
How hair deforms steel
Abstract:
Razors eventually become dull after shaving even though the blade is about 50 times harder than the hair. Whereas edge rounding and brittle cracking of a blade’s hard coating were thought to be responsible, a detailed microstructural investigation by Roscioli et al. shows a different mechanism. A combination of out-of-plane bending, microstructural heterogeneity, and asperities—microscopic chips along the smooth edge—sometimes caused fracture to occur if the conditions lined up. This fracture originated at the hair-edge asperity interface and created chipping that dulled a blade faster than other processes.
Steels for sharp edges or tools typically have martensitic microstructures, high carbide contents, and various coatings to exhibit high hardness and wear resistance. Yet they become practically unusable upon cutting much softer materials such as human hair, cheese, or potatoes. Despite this being an everyday observation, the underlying physical micromechanisms are poorly understood because of the structural complexity of the interacting materials and the complex boundary conditions of their co-deformation. To unravel this complexity, we carried out interrupted tests and in situ electron microscopy cutting experiments with two micromechanical testing setups. We investigated the findings analytically and numerically, revealing that the spatial variation of lath martensite structure plays the key role leading to a mixed-mode II-III cracking phenomenon before appreciable wear.
头发如何使钢变形
尽管剃须刀刀片的硬度是毛发的50倍，但在长期使用后刀片也会变钝。传统的观点认为，刀片涂层的磨损变圆和脆裂是造成这一现象的原因。Roscioli等人揭示了一种不同的机制：刀片变钝是面外弯曲、微观结构不均匀性和粗糙的刀片边缘（刀片边缘的微观缺口）共同作用的结果。如果三种因素叠加，还有可能产生断裂。
刀具工具钢通常具有马氏体组织，同时，其碳化物含量较高并覆有各种涂层，因此展现出相对较好的硬度和耐磨性。但是，在切割毛发，奶酪或土豆等较为柔软的材料时，这类钢有时却很难用。在日常生活中这是常见的现象，但是人们对于潜在的微观机理却知之甚少。这些材料的结构较为复杂，相互作用的边界条件也难以定义，给研究带来了一定的难度。为了解决这一问题，研究人员采用两套微观力学实验设备，进行了间歇实验和原位电子显微镜切割实验，通过实验分析和数值模拟揭示了这一现象的关键原因：板条马氏体结构的空间变化引起了II型、III型混合开裂，随后产生了明显的磨损。
文献链接：
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9490
Part 03 高分子材料领域英语文献
示例
Hierarchically engineered nanostructures from compositionally anisotropic molecular building blocks
Abstract:
The inability to synthesize hierarchical structures with independently tailored nanoscale and mesoscale features limits the discovery of next-generation multifunctional materials. Here we present a predictable molecular self-assembly strategy to craft nanostructured materials with a variety of phase-in-phase hierarchical morphologies. The compositionally anisotropic building blocks employed in the assembly process are formed by multicomponent graft block copolymers containing sequence-defined side chains. The judicious design of various structural parameters in the graft block copolymers enables broadly tunable compositions, morphologies and lattice parameters across the nanoscale and mesoscale in the assembled structures. Our strategy introduces advanced design principles for the efficient creation of complex hierarchical structures and provides a facile synthetic platform to access nanomaterials with multiple precisely integrated functionalities.
构建各向异性分子块分层工程纳米结构
无法合成具有独立定制的纳米尺度和中尺度特征的分层结构限制了下一代多功能材料的发现。我们提出了一种可预测的分子自组装策略，以制备具有各种相间分层形貌的纳米结构材料。组装过程中使用的成分各向异性构建嵌段由含有序列定义侧链的多组分接枝嵌段共聚物形成。接枝嵌段共聚物中各种结构参数的明智设计使得组装结构中的组成、形态和晶格参数能够在纳米尺度和中尺度上进行广泛的调节。我们引入了先进的设计原则，以有效创建复杂的分层结构，并提供了一个方便的合成平台，以获得具有多种精确集成功能的纳米材料。
文献链接：
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-022-01393-0
Part 04 无机非金属材料领域英语文献
示例
Low thermal conductivity in a modular inorganic material with bonding anisotropy and mismatch
Abstract:
The thermal conductivity of crystalline materials cannot be arbitrarily low, as the intrinsic limit depends on the phonon dispersion. We used complementary strategies to suppress the contribution of the longitudinal and transverse phonons to heat transport in layered materials that contain different types of intrinsic chemical interfaces. BiOCl and Bi2O2Se encapsulate these design principles for longitudinal and transverse modes, respectively, and the bulk superlattice material Bi4O4SeCl2 combines these effects by ordering both interface types within its unit cell to reach an extremely low thermal conductivity of 0.1 watts per kelvin per meter at room temperature along its stacking direction. This value comes within a factor of four of the thermal conductivity of air. We demonstrated that chemical control of the spatial arrangement of distinct interfaces can synergically modify vibrational modes to minimize thermal conductivity.
具有键合各向异性和失配的模块化无机材料的低导热性
晶体材料的热导率不能任意低，因为固有极限取决于声子色散。我们使用互补策略来抑制纵向和横向声子对包含不同类型的内在化学界面的层状材料中的热传输的贡献。BiOCl 和 Bi2O2Se 分别封装了纵向和横向模式的这些设计原则，块状超晶格材料 Bi4O4SeCl2 通过在其晶胞内对两种界面类型进行排序以在室温下达到 0.1 瓦/开尔文/米的极低热导率，从而结合了这些效应沿其堆叠方向。该值是空气导热系数的四分之一。我们证明了不同界面空间排列的化学控制可以协同改变振动模式以最小化热导率。
Part 05 新能源材料领域英语文献
示例
Surface reaction for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells
Abstract:
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with an inverted structure (often referred to as the p–i–n architecture) are attractive for future commercialization owing to their easily scalable fabrication, reliable operation and compatibility with a wide range of perovskite-based tandem device architectures1,2. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p–i–n PSCs falls behind that of n–i–p (or normal) structure counterparts3,4,5,6. This large performance gap could undermine efforts to adopt p–i–n architectures, despite their other advantages. Given the remarkable advances in perovskite bulk materials optimization over the past decade, interface engineering has become the most important strategy to push PSC performance to its limit7,8. Here we report a reactive surface engineering approach based on a simple post-growth treatment of 3-(aminomethyl) pyridine (3-APy) on top of a perovskite thin film. First, the 3-APy molecule selectively reacts with surface formamidinium ions, reducing perovskite surface roughness and surface potential fluctuations associated with surface steps and terraces. Second, the reaction product on the perovskite surface decreases the formation energy of charged iodine vacancies, leading to effective n-type doping with a reduced work function in the surface region. With this reactive surface engineering, the resulting p–i–n PSCs obtained a PCE of over 25 per cent, along with retaining 87 per cent of the initial PCE after over 2,400 hours of 1-sun operation at about 55 degrees Celsius in air.
表面反应制备高效稳定倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池
具有倒置结构（通常称为p-i-n结构）的过氧化物太阳能电池（PSCs）由于其易于扩展的制造、可靠的操作以及与广泛的过氧化物串联器件结构的兼容性，对未来的商业化具有吸引力。然而，p-i-n PSCs的功率转换效率（PCE）落后于n-i-p（或正常）结构的同类产品。尽管p-i-n架构具有其他优势，但这种巨大的性能差距可能会破坏采用这种架构的努力。鉴于过去十年中过氧化物块状材料优化的显著进展，界面工程已成为将PSC性能推向极限的最重要战略。在这里，我们报告了一种基于3-(氨基甲基)吡啶(3-APy)在过氧化物薄膜顶部的简单生长后处理的反应性表面工程方法。首先，3-APy分子选择性地与表面的甲酰胺离子反应，减少了包晶石的表面粗糙度和与表面台阶和梯田有关的表面电位波动。其次，过氧化物表面的反应产物降低了带电碘空位的形成能量，导致有效的n型掺杂，表面区域的功函数降低。通过这种反应性的表面工程，所产生的p-i-n PSCs获得了超过25%的PCE，同时在空气中约55摄氏度的条件下，经过2400小时的1次日照操作，保留了87%的初始PCE。
文献链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05268-x
Part 06 生物医用材料领域英语文献
示例
Intracellular action potential recordings from cardiomyocytes by ultrafast pulsed laser irradiation of fuzzy graphene microelectrodes
Abstract:
Graphene with its unique electrical properties is a promising candidate for carbon-based biosensors such as microelectrodes and field effect transistors. Recently, graphene biosensors were successfully used for extracellular recording of action potentials in electrogenic cells; however, intracellular recordings remain beyond their current capabilities because of the lack of an efficient cell poration method. Here, we present a microelectrode platform consisting of out-of-plane grown three-dimensional fuzzy graphene (3DFG) that enables recording of intracellular cardiac action potentials with high signal-to-noise ratio. We exploit the generation of hot carriers by ultrafast pulsed laser for porating the cell membrane and creating an intimate contact between the 3DFG electrodes and the intracellular domain. This approach enables us to detect the effects of drugs on the action potential shape of human-derived cardiomyocytes. The 3DFG electrodes combined with laser poration may be used for all-carbon intracellular microelectrode arrays to allow monitoring of the cellular electrophysiological state.
超快脉冲激光照射模糊石墨烯微电极的心肌细胞的细胞内动作电位记录
石墨烯具有独特的电学特性，是碳基生物传感器（如微电极和场效应晶体管）的一个有希望的候选者。最近，石墨烯生物传感器被成功地用于电原细胞的动作电位的细胞外记录；然而，由于缺乏有效的细胞孔化方法，细胞内记录仍然超出了其目前的能力。在此，我们提出了一个由平面外生长的三维模糊石墨烯（3DFG）组成的微电极平台，能够以高信噪比记录细胞内的心脏动作电位。我们利用超快脉冲激光产生的热载体对细胞膜进行开孔，并在3DFG电极和细胞内域之间建立起紧密的接触。这种方法使我们能够检测药物对人源性心肌细胞的动作电位形状的影响。3DFG电极与激光孔化相结合，可用于全碳细胞内微电极阵列，以实现对细胞电生理状态的监测。
文献来源：