对于留学生Paper而言，要想文章显得井井有条，逻辑结构在这个时候就显得很重要！为什么这样说呢？首先我们要认识到一点，就是Paper必须做到内容和形式上统一。内容就是文章的主题和材料，形式是指逻辑结构和语言表达；虽然内容很重要，但是形式也不是消极被动的。思维形式作为构筑Paper的基本材料，同学们在撰写的时候要注意遵守逻辑的基本规律，贯穿于写作的各个环节和整篇Paper中。本文小编就来为大家深度解析留学Paper应该如何写。
For foreign student Paper,logical structure is very important at this time if the article is to be in order!But why do you say that?First of all,we should realize that Paper must be unified in content and form.The content is the theme and material of the article,while the form refers to the logical structure and language expression;Although the content is important,the form is not passive.As the basic material for constructing Paper,students should pay attention to the basic laws of logic when writing,which run through all aspects of writing and the whole Paper.The small editor of this article will give you an in-depth analysis of how to write the paper for studying abroad.
如何写好学术Paper
How to write a good academic paper
换句话说，学术Paper是典型的带着铁链跳舞你无法扔掉铁链，而要学会找到铁链的边界，适应规矩的约束，理解为什么要有这些约束。
In other words,academic paper is a typical dance with an iron chain.You can’t throw away the iron chain.Instead,learn to find the boundary of the iron chain,adapt to the constraints of the rules,and understand why there are such constraints.
比如，无论一篇学术文章讨论的是哪个具体题目，你在结构上都要遵从有摘要、有正文、有参考文献的结构；你不能把参考文献放到第一页也不能把摘要放到最后一页，这叫不符合规矩。再比如，写研究假设的时候，你写出的假设必须可以证伪，必须讨论两个或两个以上变量，必须以准确规范的语言描述变量之间的关系.因此，在写作过程中同学们要注意以下几个方面：Paper内容要符合客观呈现，使用批判性思维进行分析，能够令人信服；论点明确，论证过程连贯有效；Paper的内容之间要有着密切的联系，全篇Paper形成统一的整体。
For example,no matter what specific topic is discussed in an academic article,you should follow the structure of abstract,text and reference;You can’t put the reference on the first page or the abstract on the last page,which is not in line with the rules.For another example,when writing research hypotheses,your hypotheses must be falsifiable,two or more variables must be discussed,and the relationship between variables must be described in accurate and standardized language.Therefore,students should pay attention to the following aspects in the writing process:the paper content should conform to the objective presentation,be analyzed with critical thinking,and be convincing;The argument is clear and the argumentation process is coherent and effective;The contents of the paper should be closely related,and the whole paper should form a unified whole.
然后很多同学一开始接触学术Paper的时候，还是按照中文写作的思路去展开，可能就会出现一些不理想的写作结果。
When many students first came into contact with academic paper,they followed the idea of Chinese writing,which may lead to some unsatisfactory writing results.
英汉思维模式差异主要体现在，西方传统思维重逻辑分析，中国传统思维重直觉体悟。西方思维传统注重科学、理性，重视分析，实证，因而必然借助逻辑，在论证、推演中认识事物的本质和规律。
The differences between English and Chinese thinking modes are mainly reflected in that the western traditional thinking emphasizes logical analysis,while the Chinese traditional thinking emphasizes intuitive understanding.The western thinking tradition pays attention to science,rationality,analysis and demonstration,so it is necessary to use logic to understand the essence and law of things in demonstration and deduction.
同时，英语强调形态的外露及形式上的完整。英语写作的最大特点是采用形合法，重形式结构的协调，遣词造句有严格意义的形态变化，用词强调人称数格等的一致。句子中常用关联词语，注重形式接应。
At the same time,English emphasizes the exposure of forms and the integrity of forms.The greatest characteristics of English writing are the use of formality,the emphasis on the coordination of formal structures,the strict morphological changes in the choice of words and sentences,and the emphasis on the consistency of personal numerals in the use of words.Frequently used conjunctions in sentences,pay attention to form response.
另外，西方人的思维方式通常呈直线形展开。因而写文章也习惯于开门见山，以主题句开始，再一层层地展开主题，进行论述。因此英文段落中大都有主题句,且在段落开头。主题句表明该段的中心意思,该段的其他部分都是论证此主题句的支撑材料。这样的段落安排能使老师在最短的时间内抓住段落的中心意思，也能轻松地掌握整段的论证过程。相关内容可以到ocscf.org进行分析。
In addition,the Western way of thinking is usually linear.Therefore,writing articles is also used to getting straight to the point,starting with the theme sentence,and expanding the theme layer by layer to discuss.Therefore,most English paragraphs have topic sentences at the beginning of the paragraph.The topic sentence indicates the central meaning of the paragraph,and the rest of the paragraph is the supporting material for demonstrating the topic sentence.This paragraph arrangement can enable the teacher to grasp the central meaning of the paragraph in the shortest time,and can easily master the whole argument process.
除此之外，英语篇章里多用连接词等来实现段落内部的衔接,有的同学在进行英语学术写作的过程中，由于受到汉语思维的影响，很少用到连接词，出现篇章内衔接不自然、思维跳跃性强等问题。我们必须在句子的长短和衔接方面下功夫，学会使用连接词合理衔接句子。
In addition,English texts often use conjunctions to achieve cohesion within paragraphs.Some students rarely use conjunctions in the process of English academic writing due to the influence of Chinese thinking,which leads to such problems as unnatural cohesion within the text and strong jumping thinking.We must work hard on the length and cohesion of sentences,and learn to use connectors to connect sentences reasonably.
比如：however，furthermore，moreover，in addition to，also，similarly，as a result，for example，excluding，that is，incidentally，等等。同时，还要学会使用段落之间的关系衔接去分析段论关系，整体提升学术Paper篇章的连贯性。
For example:hower,futhermore,more,in addition to,also,similarly,as a result,for example,excluding,that is,incidentally,etc.At the same time,we should also learn to use the relationship between paragraphs to analyze the relationship between paragraphs,so as to improve the coherence of academic Paper texts as a whole.
留学Paper写作
留学Paper写作可分为好几个阶段，但由于我们习惯将所有阶段混在一起，因而常在写作时感到不知所措。那么该如何将写作过程分成不同步骤，从而可以依循这些步骤完成文章？一般来说，学术写作包含了以下几个重要阶段，我们可以据此将写作分阶段进行，从而掌握写作进度及要领。
第一步，Decoding the assignment task分析作业要求。通过分析作业要求尤其是题目，我们可以把回答问题的关键点找到。
第二步Note-taking，做文献阅读和笔记记录。因此大家不要只是阅读数据，要主动且专注地做笔记。
第三步Brainstorming，假设已经做好文献探讨并整理好手中的笔记，那应该十分清楚自己想论述的各个论点，接下来要做的只是将各部分的笔记组合成一篇文章。有时候我们会遇到难题而被卡住，或是在一个段落里要结合很多不同的想法，这时就需要其他方法来帮助我们澄清思绪、架构文章。
第四步是Drafting，前面一个阶段可被视为thinking writing阶段，接下来则是doing writing阶段。
在经过前面几个阶段后，已经成功写下脑中的想法，也看过一遍，在这当中找到可以被论述的论点，手边也有足够的数据来发展、铺陈，接着便是时候改变写作型态了。在此阶段，写作不再是为了帮助思考，而是用来向读者展示、论述或证明想法及观点。
第五步是Critical thinking。在批判阶段，要开始审阅、编辑前面写好的文章内容。假设在没有过度思考的前提下写出了大量文字，现在该做的便是提出问题，并依答案精简写好的文章，使其更具条理及连贯性。此阶段可以尽可能的挑剔，大胆删去不相干的内容，使段落与段落间更加紧密。
最后一步是Editing and proofreading，将考虑拿掉的文字先划上删除线，然后重新阅读不含删除线的文章内容，随后再确认是否正式删除划线部分文字.同时，还可以将删除的文字另存至一个新的档案中，开一个新的文件夹来保存在此次写作中没派上用场的文字和数据。在每次写作过程中，都会有许多未使用但却很重要的数据，当中甚至包含在文章撰写初期出现的、有价值的想法。在处理这些文字时请保持谨慎，写作学术Paper是为了清楚传达论点，而为了达成此目的，必须尽可能排除任何可能模糊文章焦点的内容。