文献翻译带练23 tumor microenvironment (TME)&Metabolic competition
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex biological structure surrounding tumor cells and includes blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts(成纤维细胞), adipocytes(脂肪细胞), and extracellular matrix (ECM). These heterogeneous surrounding structures provide nutrients, metabolites, and signaling molecules to provide a cancer-friendly environment. The metabolic interplay between immune cells and cancer cells in the TME is a key feature not only for understanding tumor biology but also for discovering cancer cells’ vulnerability. As cancer immunotherapy to treat cancer patients and the use of metabolomics technologies become more and more common, the importance of the interplay between cancer cells and immune cells in the TME is emerging with respect to not only cell-to-cell interactions but also metabolic pathways.
参考答案：肿瘤微环境是围绕肿瘤细胞的一种复杂的生物结构，包括血管、免疫细胞、成纤维细胞、脂肪细胞和细胞外基质。这些异质的周围结构提供营养物质、代谢物和信号分子，以提供一个有利于癌症的环境。TME中免疫细胞和癌细胞之间的代谢相互作用是了解肿瘤生物学和发现癌细胞易感性的重要特征。随着癌症免疫疗法治疗癌症患者和代谢组学技术的使用越来越普遍，癌症细胞和免疫细胞在TME中的相互作用的重要性不仅体现在细胞间的相互作用，而且体现在代谢途径上。
In addition to nutrients and waste, insufficient tissue coverage and abnormal characteristics of tumor vasculature(血管系统) limit gas exchange and create regions of hypoxia. The hypoxic response leads to enhanced glycolytic activity of the tumor and additional lactate deposition. The buildup of lactate acidifies the tumor microenvironment, which influences how the immune system recognizes and responds to the tumor. Furthermore,nutrient limitation in the tumor microenvironment provides a context in which immune, stromal(基质), and cancer cells must compete for nutrients to carry out biosynthesis, bioenergetic, and effector activities. Immune cells tend to be less adapted for nutrient competition, and this is a principle mechanism regulating antitumor immunity.
参考答案：除营养和废物外，组织覆盖不足和肿瘤血管系统的异常特征限制了气体交换，造成缺氧区。低氧反应导致肿瘤糖酵解活性增强和额外的乳酸沉积。乳酸的积累使肿瘤微环境酸化，从而影响免疫系统对肿瘤的识别和反应。此外，肿瘤微环境中的营养限制(缺乏)提供了一种环境，在这种环境种，免疫细胞、基质细胞和癌细胞必须竞争营养来进行生物合成、生物能量和效应活性。免疫细胞往往不太适应营养竞争，这是调节抗肿瘤免疫的一个主要机制。
文献翻译带练24 Pyroptosis & anticancer therapy
Chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit tumor cell growth through the apoptosis pathway. However, tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapy drugs by evading apoptosis. It is necessary to find new ways to inhibit tumor growth through other types of death. Pyroptosis is a recently identified inflammatory cell death that plays an important role in a variety of diseases, including cancer.Apoptosis is usually accompanied by cytoplasmic(胞浆) condensation,nuclear shrinkage, along with the formation of apoptotic bodies.The main feature of pyroptosis in eukaryotic(真核的) cells is rapid formation of 10~20 nm pores in the cell membrane. Subsequently, the cytoplasmic components are released into the extracellular environment, accompanied by nuclear condensation and cell swelling. The formation of these pores promotes the release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-18.
参考答案：化疗药物通常通过凋亡途径抑制肿瘤细胞生长。然而，肿瘤细胞通过逃避凋亡而对化疗药物产生耐药性。我们有必要找到通过其他细胞死亡(注：因为凋亡是细胞死亡的方式之一，这里虽然没写Cell death，但可以意译出来)方式抑制肿瘤生长的新方法。焦亡是一种新近发现的炎性细胞死亡，在包括癌症在内的多种疾病中起着重要作用。细胞凋亡通常伴有胞浆凝结、核收缩，并形成凋亡小体。真核细胞焦亡的主要特征是细胞膜上迅速形成10~20 nm的孔。随后，细胞质成分被释放到细胞外环境，伴随着核凝结和细胞肿胀。这些孔道的形成促进了炎症细胞因子白细胞介素-1b(IL-1b)和白细胞介素-18(IL-18)的释放。
Recently,pyroptosis has gained a lot of attention, because it may provide possible beneficial effects on anticancer therapies. The process of pyroptosis activation involves the release of cellular contents inducting an inflammatory response and causing toxicity to adjacent healthy cells leading to further cell death. This cell death mechanism may not be the best for cancer treatment, once that inflammation may contribute to the development and progression of malignancies. However, perhaps the amount of inflammation causes by pyroptosis activation is not great enough to induce cancer progression.Remarkably, in terms of inflammation, the effect of pyroptosis is more influential than on cancer treatment, and the intrinsic link between pyroptosis and cancer has large space for exploration.
参考答案：近年来，焦亡因其可能对抗癌治疗有益而引起了人们的广泛关注。焦亡激活的过程包括细胞内容物(胞内成分)的释放，引起炎症反应，并对邻近的健康细胞造成毒性，导致细胞进一步死亡。这种细胞死亡机制对癌症治疗可能不是最好的，炎症一旦发生，可能会促进恶性肿瘤的发展与进程。然而，可能由焦亡激活引起的炎症量不足以诱发癌症进展。值得注意的是，在炎症方面，焦亡的影响比癌症治疗更大。焦亡和癌症之间有内在联系具有广阔的探索空间。