可用于学术研究的六种介绍性短语清单

学术研究要求我们仔细检查信息并评估其可信度。因此,当我们思考各种现象时,我们将检验实证数据并详细解释,以证明我们的解释是正确的。构建我们的研究叙事的一个重要部分是提供支持性证据和例子。

我们提供的证据类型可以支持我们的主张,并使读者对我们的分析感到困惑或怀疑。重要的是,我们要使用适当的、合乎逻辑的短语来清楚地引导读者从一个角度到下一个角度。在这篇文章中,我们将讨论应该使用证据和例子的情况,并对可以用来支持论点的有效语言进行分类。

  何时介绍证据和例子

  证据和例子为你的主张奠定了坚实的基础。没有证据,你的论点就缺乏可信性和说服力。因此,当你介绍例子的时候,确保在需要的时候明智地提供证据,并使用短语来恰当而清晰地解释证据是如何支持你的论点的。

  你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来,当你:

  提出“非常识性”的信息;

  根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议;

  需要澄清之前的陈述,用一个例子会更有效;

  需要确定一个类别的代表性例子;

  区分不同的概念;

  通过强调一个具体的情况来强调某一点。

  Introductory phrases to use and their contexts

  为了帮助你有效地支持你的陈述,下面Proessay(ww w.proessay.c n)将根据它们的功能组织了下面六类介绍性短语。这个列表并不全面,但它将为你提供你可以使用的短语类型的想法。

  1.Purpose:stating information that is not “common knowledge”

  Introductory Phrase:

  · [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]

  · As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered

  · According to [Author]

  Example:

  · As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .

  · According to Marks and Peters . . .

  2.Purpose:drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting
implications based on specific data

  Introductory Phrase:

  · suggests

  · as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by

  · based on

  · can be seen/ observed when

  · as seen in

  · which is made apparent when

  · is demonstrated by/ through/ when

  · hinges on

  Example:

  · The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .

  · As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands,
patients with . . .

  · Based on self-reported survey results . . .

  · This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .

  · As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .

  · The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers .
. .

  · The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by
survey results highlighted in . . .

  · This conclusion hinges on . . .

  3.Purpose:clarifying a prior statement

  Introductory Phrase:

  · for example

  · for instance

  · by way of illustration

  · as an example

  · to clarify

  · to explain further

  · namely

  · to be specific

  · that is,

  · in other words

  Example:

  · This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .

  · It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For
instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .

  · By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared
for . . .

  · As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate
that over 80% of the population supports . . .

  · To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .

  · To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .

  · Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work
remotely.

  · To be specific, bull markets can . . .

  · That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .

  · In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .

  4.Purpose:identifying representative examples of a category

  Introductory Phrase:

  · for example/ instance

  · such as*

  · e.g.

  · one/ another example

  · like*

  · excluding

  · including

  · an example being

  *NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a
specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items
are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.

  Example:

  · Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.

  · The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus
flytraps.

  · The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish
and lantern fish).

  · One/ another example of this exception is . . .

  · I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to
enjoy nature while exercising.

  · All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.

  · All stars, including our sun, . . .

  · Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .

  5.Purpose:distinguishing concepts

  Introductory Phrase:

  · in a similar case

  · unlike the case of

  · in the same way

  · as a case in point

  · in a typical situation

  · in a normal scenario

  Example:

  · In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .

  · Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of
observer bias.

  · Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful
editing.

  · As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .

  · In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .

  · In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .

  6.Purpose:emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation

  Introductory Phrase:

  · for example

  · indeed

  · in fact

  · notably

  · markedly

  · as a case in point

  Example:

  · Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .

  · Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola
outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .

  · Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .

  · High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . .
.

  · Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .

  · As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros .
..

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